As such, it supports most cognitive tasks but it is limited in capacity. Visual working memory (VWM) allows us to temporarily store and process relevant information from the visual world across temporary interruptions such as saccades. Thus, the Gestalt principle of similarity benefits visual perception, but it can provide benefits to VWM as well. In short, the VWM performance benefit derived from similarity was constrained by spatial proximity such that similar items need to be near each other. Experiment 2 replicated and extended this finding by showing that similarity was only effective when the similar stimuli were proximal. Experiment 1 established the basic finding that VWM performance could benefit from grouping. Here, we investigated whether grouping by similarity benefits VWM. One prevalent Gestalt principle, similarity, has not been examined with regard to facilitating VWM. This introduces the question: do these perceptual benefits extend to VWM? If so, can this be an approach to enhance VWM function by optimizing the processing of information? Previous findings demonstrate that several Gestalt principles (connectedness, common region, and spatial proximity) do facilitate VWM performance in change detection tasks ( Woodman, Vecera, & Luck, 2003 Xu, 2002a, 2006 Xu & Chun, 2007 Jiang, Olson & Chun, 2000). Visual perception processing is facilitated by Gestalt principles of grouping, such as connectedness, similarity, and proximity. Our perceptions are not infallible, and they can be influenced by bias, prejudice, and other factors.Visual working memory (VWM) is essential for many cognitive processes yet it is notably limited in capacity. Gestalt principles such as figure-ground relationship, grouping by proximity or similarity, the law of good continuation, and closure are all used to help explain how we organize sensory information. Gestalt theorists have been incredibly influential in the areas of sensation and perception. This research is important, considering the number of very high-profile cases in the last few decades in which young Blacks were killed by people who claimed to believe that the unarmed individuals were armed and/or represented some threat to their personal safety. Furthermore, White individuals’ decisions to shoot an armed target in a video game is made more quickly when the target is Black (Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink, 2002 Correll, Urland, & Ito, 2006). For instance, several studies have demonstrated that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person (Payne, 2001 Payne, Shimizu, & Jacoby, 2005). Research suggests that implicit racial prejudice and stereotypes affect perception. ![]() Built from sensations, but influenced by our own experiences, biases, prejudices, and cultures, perceptions can be very different from person to person. In this module, you have learned that perception is a complex process. Presumably, our ability to interpret sensory information depends on what we label as figure and what we label as ground in any particular case, although this assumption has been called into question (Peterson & Gibson, 1994 Vecera & O’Reilly, 1998). As shows, our perception can vary tremendously, depending on what is perceived as figure and what is perceived as ground. ![]() ![]() Figure is the object or person that is the focus of the visual field, while the ground is the background. ![]() According to this principle, we tend to segment our visual world into figure and ground. One Gestalt principle is the figure-ground relationship. As a result, Gestalt psychology has been extremely influential in the area of sensation and perception (Rock & Palmer, 1990). Gestalt psychologists translated these predictable ways into principles by which we organize sensory information. In other words, the brain creates a perception that is more than simply the sum of available sensory inputs, and it does so in predictable ways. The word gestalt literally means form or pattern, but its use reflects the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. This belief led to a new movement within the field of psychology known as Gestalt psychology. Wertheimer, and his assistants Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, who later became his partners, believed that perception involved more than simply combining sensory stimuli. In the early part of the 20th century, Max Wertheimer published a paper demonstrating that individuals perceived motion in rapidly flickering static images-an insight that came to him as he used a child’s toy tachistoscope. Describe how perceptual set is influenced by an individual’s characteristics and mental state.By the end of this section, you will be able to:
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